Welcome, guest | Sign In | My Account | Store | Cart

This recipe determines the size of Python objects in bytes and has been further enhanced to handle ints, namedtuples, arrays and NumPy types better. Functions alen and itemsize have been updated. Support for Python 2.5 and earlier and the tests/examples have been removed. See project Pympler for unit tests.

See also other, simpler recipes like this Compute memory footprint of an object and its contents.

Python, 2617 lines
   1
   2
   3
   4
   5
   6
   7
   8
   9
  10
  11
  12
  13
  14
  15
  16
  17
  18
  19
  20
  21
  22
  23
  24
  25
  26
  27
  28
  29
  30
  31
  32
  33
  34
  35
  36
  37
  38
  39
  40
  41
  42
  43
  44
  45
  46
  47
  48
  49
  50
  51
  52
  53
  54
  55
  56
  57
  58
  59
  60
  61
  62
  63
  64
  65
  66
  67
  68
  69
  70
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75
  76
  77
  78
  79
  80
  81
  82
  83
  84
  85
  86
  87
  88
  89
  90
  91
  92
  93
  94
  95
  96
  97
  98
  99
 100
 101
 102
 103
 104
 105
 106
 107
 108
 109
 110
 111
 112
 113
 114
 115
 116
 117
 118
 119
 120
 121
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
 129
 130
 131
 132
 133
 134
 135
 136
 137
 138
 139
 140
 141
 142
 143
 144
 145
 146
 147
 148
 149
 150
 151
 152
 153
 154
 155
 156
 157
 158
 159
 160
 161
 162
 163
 164
 165
 166
 167
 168
 169
 170
 171
 172
 173
 174
 175
 176
 177
 178
 179
 180
 181
 182
 183
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188
 189
 190
 191
 192
 193
 194
 195
 196
 197
 198
 199
 200
 201
 202
 203
 204
 205
 206
 207
 208
 209
 210
 211
 212
 213
 214
 215
 216
 217
 218
 219
 220
 221
 222
 223
 224
 225
 226
 227
 228
 229
 230
 231
 232
 233
 234
 235
 236
 237
 238
 239
 240
 241
 242
 243
 244
 245
 246
 247
 248
 249
 250
 251
 252
 253
 254
 255
 256
 257
 258
 259
 260
 261
 262
 263
 264
 265
 266
 267
 268
 269
 270
 271
 272
 273
 274
 275
 276
 277
 278
 279
 280
 281
 282
 283
 284
 285
 286
 287
 288
 289
 290
 291
 292
 293
 294
 295
 296
 297
 298
 299
 300
 301
 302
 303
 304
 305
 306
 307
 308
 309
 310
 311
 312
 313
 314
 315
 316
 317
 318
 319
 320
 321
 322
 323
 324
 325
 326
 327
 328
 329
 330
 331
 332
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338
 339
 340
 341
 342
 343
 344
 345
 346
 347
 348
 349
 350
 351
 352
 353
 354
 355
 356
 357
 358
 359
 360
 361
 362
 363
 364
 365
 366
 367
 368
 369
 370
 371
 372
 373
 374
 375
 376
 377
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
#!/usr/bin/env python

# Copyright, license and disclaimer are at the very end of this file.

# This is the latest, enhanced version of the asizeof.py recipes at
# <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/546530-size-of-python-objects-revised>
# and <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/544288-size-of-python-objects>.

# Recent versions of this module handle objects like ``namedtuples``,
# ``closure``, and NumPy data ``arange``, ``array``, ``matrix``, etc.

# See also project Pympler at <https://github.com/pympler/pympler> and
# memory footprint recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577504/>.

# Tested with 64-bit Python 2.6.9 (and numpy 1.6.2), 2.7.13 (and numpy
# 1.13.1), 3.5.3 and 3.6.2 on macOS 10.12.5 Sierra and with Pythonista
# 3.1 using 64-bit Python 2.7.12 and 3.5.1 (both with numpy 1.8.0) on
# iOS 10.3.2.

# Earlier versions of this module were tested with 32-bit Python 2.2.3,
# 2.3.7, 2.4.5, 2.5.1, 2.5.2, 2.6.2, 3.0.1 or 3.1a2 on CentOS 4.6, SuSE
# 9.3, MacOS X 10.3.9 Panther (PPC), MacOS X 10.4.11 Tiger, Solaris 10
# (Opteron) and Windows XP, with 64-bit Python 3.0.1 on RHEL 3u7 and
# Solaris 10 (Opteron) and with 64-bit Python 2.7.10 and 3.5.1 on MacOS
# X 10.11.5 El Capitan (all without numpy).

# This module was checked statically with PyChecker 0.8.12, PyFlakes
# 1.5.0, PyCodeStyle 2.3.1 (formerly Pep8) and McCabe 0.6.1 using Python
# 2.7.13 and with Flake8 3.3.0 using Python 3.6.2, all thru this post-
# processor <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/546532/>

'''
This module exposes 9 functions and 2 classes to obtain lengths (in
items) and sizes (in bytes) of Python objects for Python 2.6 and later,
including Python 3+ [#v]_.

**Public Functions** [#unsafe]_

    Function **asizeof** calculates the combined (approximate) size
    in bytes of one or several Python objects.

    Function **asizesof** returns a tuple containing the (approximate)
    size in bytes for each given Python object separately.

    Function **asized** returns for each object an instance of class
    **Asized** containing all the size information of the object and
    a tuple with the referents [#refs]_.

    Functions **basicsize** and **itemsize** return the *basic*
    respectively *itesize* of the given object, both in bytes.  For
    objects as ``array.array``, ``numpy.array``, ``numpy.matrix``,
    etc. where the item size varies depending on the instance-specific
    data type, function **itemsize** returns that item size.

    Function **flatsize** returns the *flat size* of a Python object
    in bytes defined as the *basic size* plus the *item size* times
    the *length* of the given object.

    Function **alen** [#alen]_ returns the *length* of an object like
    standard function ``len`` but extended for several types.  E.g.
    the **alen** of a multi-precision int (or long) is the number of
    ``digits`` [#digit]_.  The *length* of most *mutable* sequence
    objects includes an estimate of the over-allocation and therefore,
    the **alen** value may differ from the standard ``len`` result.
    For objects like ``array.array``, ``numpy.array``, ``numpy.matrix``,
    etc. function **alen** returns the proper number of items.

    Function **refs** returns (a generator for) the referents [#refs]_
    of the given object.

    Certain classes are known to be sub-classes of or to behave as
    ``dict`` objects.  Function **adict** can be used to install
    other class objects to be treated like ``dict``.

**Public Classes** [#unsafe]_

    Class **Asizer** may be used to accumulate the results of several
    sizing calls.  After creating an **Asizer** instance, use methods
    **asizeof** and **asizesof** as needed to size any number of
    additional objects and accumulate the sizes.

    Call methods **exclude_refs** and/or **exclude_types** to exclude
    references to respectively instances or types of certain objects.

    Use one of the **print\_...** methods to report the statistics.

    An instance of class **Asized** is returned for each object sized
    with the **asized** function or method.

**Duplicate Objects**

    Any duplicate, given objects are sized only once and the size
    is included in the combined total only once.  But functions
    **asizesof** and **asized** will return a size value respectively
    an **Asized** instance for each given object, including duplicates.

**Definitions** [#arb]_

    The *length* of an objects like ``dict``, ``list``, ``set``,
    ``str``, ``tuple``, etc. is defined as the number of items held
    in or allocated by the object.  Held items are *references* to
    other objects, called the *referents*.

    The *size* of an object is defined as the sum of the *flat size*
    of the object plus the sizes of any referents [#refs]_.  Referents
    are visited recursively up to the specified detail level.  However,
    the size of objects referenced multiple times is included only once
    in the total *size*.

    The *flat size* of an object is defined as the *basic size* of the
    object plus the *item size* times the number of allocated *items*,
    *references* to referents.  The *flat size* does include the size
    for the *references* to the referents, but not the size of the
    referents themselves.

    The *flat size* returned by function *flatsize* equals the result
    of function *asizeof* with options *code=True*, *ignored=False*,
    *limit=0* and option *align* set to the same value.

    The accurate *flat size* for an object is obtained from function
    ``sys.getsizeof()`` where available.  Otherwise, the *length* and
    *size* of sequence objects as ``dicts``, ``lists``, ``sets``, etc.
    is based on an estimate for the number of allocated items.  As a
    result, the reported *length* and *size* may differ substantially
    from the actual *length* and *size*.

    The *basic* and *item size* are obtained from the ``__basicsize__``
    respectively ``__itemsize__`` attributes of the (type of the)
    object.  Where necessary (e.g. sequence objects), a zero
    ``__itemsize__`` is replaced by the size of a corresponding C type.

    The overhead for Python's garbage collector (GC) is included in
    the *basic size* of (GC managed) objects as well as the space
    needed for ``refcounts`` (used only in certain Python builds).

    Optionally, size values can be aligned to any power of 2 multiple.

**Size of (byte)code**

    The *(byte)code size* of objects like classes, functions, methods,
    modules, etc. can be included by setting option *code=True*.

    Iterators are handled like sequences: iterated object(s) are
    sized like *referents* [#refs]_ but only up to the specified level
    or recursion *limit* (and only if function ``gc.get_referents()``
    returns the referent object of iterators).

    Generators are sized as *(byte)code* only, but the generated objects
    are never sized.

**Old- and New-style Classes**

    All old- and new-style ``class``, instance and ``type`` objects,
    are handled uniformly such that (a) instance objects are distinguished
    from class objects and (b) instances of different old-style classes
    can be dealt with separately.

    Class and type objects are represented as ``<class ....* def>``
    respectively ``<type ... def>`` where the ``*`` indicates an old-style
    class and the ``... def`` suffix marks the *definition object*.
    Instances of  classes are shown as ``<class module.name*>`` without
    the ``... def`` suffix.  The ``*`` after the name indicates an
    instance of an old-style class.

**Ignored Objects**

    To avoid excessive sizes, several object types are ignored [#arb]_
    by default, e.g. built-in functions, built-in types and classes
    [#bi]_, function globals and module referents.  However, any
    instances thereof and module objects will be sized when passed as
    given objects.  Ignored object types are included unless option
    *ignored* is set accordingly.

    In addition, many ``__...__`` attributes of callable objects are
    ignored [#arb]_, except crucial ones, e.g. class attributes ``__dict__``,
    ``__doc__``, ``__name__`` and ``__slots__``.  For more details, see
    the type-specific ``_..._refs()`` and ``_len_...()`` functions below.

.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#unsafe] The functions and classes in this module are not thread-safe.

.. [#v] Earlier editions of this module supported Python versions down
    to Python 2.2.  To use Python 2.5 or older, try module ``asizeof``
    from project `Pympler 0.3.x <https://github.com/pympler/pympler>`_.

.. [#alen] Former function *leng*, class attribute *leng* and keyword
    argument *leng* have all been renamed to *alen*.  However, function
    *leng* is still available for backward compatibility.

.. [#refs] The *referents* of an object are the objects referenced *by*
    that object.  For example, the *referents* of a ``list`` are the
    objects held in the ``list``, the *referents* of a ``dict`` are
    the key and value objects in the ``dict``, etc.

.. [#arb] These definitions and other assumptions are rather arbitrary
    and may need corrections or adjustments.

.. [#digit] See Python source file ``.../Include/longinterp.h`` for the
    C ``typedef`` of ``digit`` used in multi-precision int (or long)
    objects.  The C ``sizeof(digit)`` in bytes can be obtained in
    Python from the int (or long) ``__itemsize__`` attribute.
    Function **alen** determines the number of ``digits`` of an int
    (or long) object.

.. [#bi] ``Type``s and ``class``es are considered built-in if the
    ``__module__`` of the type or class is listed in the private
    ``_builtin_modules``.
'''
import sys
if sys.version_info < (2, 6, 0):
    raise NotImplementedError('%s requires Python 2.6 or newer' % ('asizeof',))

from inspect import (isbuiltin, isclass, iscode, isframe, isfunction,
                     ismethod, ismodule, stack)
from math import log
from os import curdir, linesep
from struct import calcsize  # type/class Struct only in Python 2.5+
import types as Types
import warnings
import weakref as Weakref

__all__ = ['adict', 'asized', 'asizeof', 'asizesof',
           'Asized', 'Asizer',  # classes
           'basicsize', 'flatsize', 'itemsize', 'alen', 'refs']
__version__ = '17.07.22'

# any classes or types in modules listed in _builtin_modules are
# considered built-in and ignored by default, as built-in functions
if __name__ == '__main__':
    _builtin_modules = (int.__module__, 'types', Exception.__module__)  # , 'weakref'
else:  # treat this very module as built-in
    _builtin_modules = (int.__module__, 'types', Exception.__module__, __name__)  # , 'weakref'

# sizes of some primitive C types
# XXX len(pack(T, 0)) == Struct(T).size == calcsize(T)
_sizeof_Cbyte = calcsize('c')  # sizeof(unsigned char)
_sizeof_Clong = calcsize('l')  # sizeof(long)
_sizeof_Cvoidp = calcsize('P')  # sizeof(void*)

# sizeof(long) != sizeof(ssize_t) on LLP64
if _sizeof_Clong < _sizeof_Cvoidp:  # pragma: no coverage
    _z_P_L = 'P'
else:
    _z_P_L = 'L'


def _calcsize(fmt):
    '''Like struct.calcsize() but handling 'z' for Py_ssize_t.
    '''
    return calcsize(fmt.replace('z', _z_P_L))


# defaults for some basic sizes with 'z' for C Py_ssize_t
_sizeof_CPyCodeObject = _calcsize('Pz10P5i0P')  # sizeof(PyCodeObject)
_sizeof_CPyFrameObject = _calcsize('Pzz13P63i0P')  # sizeof(PyFrameObject)
_sizeof_CPyModuleObject = _calcsize('PzP0P')  # sizeof(PyModuleObject)

# defaults for some item sizes with 'z' for C Py_ssize_t
_sizeof_CPyDictEntry = _calcsize('z2P')  # sizeof(PyDictEntry)
_sizeof_Csetentry = _calcsize('lP')  # sizeof(setentry)

try:  # C typedef digit for multi-precision int (or long)
    _sizeof_Cdigit = long.__itemsize__
except NameError:  # no long in Python 3.0
    _sizeof_Cdigit = int.__itemsize__
if _sizeof_Cdigit < 2:  # pragma: no coverage
    raise AssertionError('sizeof(%s) bad: %d' % ('digit', _sizeof_Cdigit))

# Get character size for internal unicode representation in Python < 3.3
try:  # sizeof(unicode_char)
    u = unicode('\0')
except NameError:  # no unicode() in Python 3.0
    u = '\0'
u = u.encode('unicode-internal')  # see .../Lib/test/test_sys.py
_sizeof_Cunicode = len(u)
del u

try:  # size of GC header, sizeof(PyGC_Head)
    import _testcapi as t
    _sizeof_CPyGC_Head = t.SIZEOF_PYGC_HEAD  # new in Python 2.6
except (ImportError, AttributeError):  # sizeof(PyGC_Head)
    # alignment should be to sizeof(long double) but there
    # is no way to obtain that value, assume twice double
    t = calcsize('2d') - 1
    _sizeof_CPyGC_Head = (_calcsize('2Pz') + t) & ~t
del t

# size of refcounts (Python debug build only)
if hasattr(sys, 'gettotalrefcount'):  # pragma: no coverage
    _sizeof_Crefcounts = _calcsize('2z')
else:
    _sizeof_Crefcounts = 0

try:
    from abc import ABCMeta
except ImportError:
    class ABCMeta(type):
        pass

# some flags from .../Include/object.h
_Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE = 1 << 9  # Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
_Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC = 1 << 14  # Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC

_Type_type = type(type)  # == type and new-style class type


# compatibility functions for more uniform
# behavior across Python version 2.2 thu 3.0

def _items(obj):  # dict only
    '''Returns iter-/generator, preferably.
    '''
    return getattr(obj, 'iteritems', obj.items)()


def _keys(obj):  # dict only
    '''Returns iter-/generator, preferably.
    '''
    return getattr(obj, 'iterkeys', obj.keys)()


def _values(obj):  # dict only
    '''Returns iter-/generator, preferably.
    '''
    return getattr(obj, 'itervalues', obj.values)()


try:  # callable() builtin
    _iscallable = callable
except NameError:  # callable() removed in Python 3.0
    def _iscallable(obj):
        '''Substitute for callable().'''
        return hasattr(obj, '__call__')

# 'cell' is holding data used in closures
c = (lambda unused: (lambda: unused))(None)
try:
    _cell_type = type(c.__closure__[0])
except AttributeError:  # Python 2.5
    _cell_type = type(c.func_closure[0])
del c

try:  # only used to get referents of
    # iterators, but gc.get_referents()
    # returns () for dict...-iterators
    from gc import get_referents as _getreferents
except ImportError:
    def _getreferents(unused):
        return ()  # sorry, no refs

# sys.getsizeof() new in Python 2.6, adjusted below
_getsizeof = getattr(sys, 'getsizeof', None)

try:  # str intern()
    _intern = intern
except NameError:  # no intern() in Python 3.0
    def _intern(val):
        return val


# private functions

def _basicsize(t, base=0, heap=False, obj=None):
    '''Gets non-zero basicsize of type,
       including the header sizes.
    '''
    s = max(getattr(t, '__basicsize__', 0), base)
    # include gc header size
    if t != _Type_type:
        h = getattr(t, '__flags__', 0) & _Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC
    elif heap:  # type, allocated on heap
        h = True
    else:  # None has no __flags__ attr
        h = getattr(obj, '__flags__', 0) & _Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE
    if h:
        s += _sizeof_CPyGC_Head
    # include reference counters
    return s + _sizeof_Crefcounts


def _c100(stats):
    '''Cutoff as percentage.
    '''
    return int((stats - int(stats)) * 100.0 + 0.5)


def _classof(obj, dflt=None):
    '''Returns the object's class object.
    '''
    return getattr(obj, '__class__', dflt)


def _derive_typedef(typ):
    '''Returns single, existing super type typedef or None.
    '''
    v = [v for v in _values(_typedefs) if _issubclass(typ, v.type)]
    if len(v) == 1:
        return v[0]
    return None


def _dir2(obj, pref='', excl=(), slots=None, itor=''):
    '''Returns an attribute name, object 2-tuple for certain
       attributes or for the ``__slots__`` attributes of the
       given object, but not both.  Any iterator referent
       objects are returned with the given name if the
       latter is non-empty.
    '''
    if slots:  # __slots__ attrs
        if hasattr(obj, slots):
            # collect all inherited __slots__ attrs
            # from list, tuple, or dict __slots__,
            # while removing any duplicate attrs
            s = {}
            for c in type(obj).mro():
                for a in getattr(c, slots, ()):
                    if a.startswith('__'):
                        a = '_' + c.__name__ + a
                    if hasattr(obj, a):
                        s.setdefault(a, getattr(obj, a))
            # assume __slots__ tuple/list
            # is holding the attr values
            yield slots, _Slots(s)  # _keys(s)
            for t in _items(s):
                yield t  # attr name, value
    elif itor:  # iterator referents
        for o in obj:  # iter(obj)
            yield itor, o
    else:  # regular attrs
        for a in dir(obj):
            if a.startswith(pref) and hasattr(obj, a) and a not in excl:
                yield a, getattr(obj, a)


def _infer_dict(obj):
    '''Returns True for likely dict object via duck typing.
    '''
    for ats in (('__len__', 'get', 'has_key', 'items', 'keys', 'update', 'values'),
                ('__len__', 'get', 'has_key', 'iteritems', 'iterkeys', 'itervalues')):
        if all(_iscallable(getattr(obj, a, None)) for a in ats):
            return True
    return False


def _iscell(obj):
    '''Returns True if obj is a cell as used in a closure.
    '''
    return isinstance(obj, _cell_type)


def _isdictclass(obj):
    '''Returns True for known dict objects.
    '''
    c = _classof(obj)
    return c and c.__name__ in _dict_classes.get(c.__module__, ())


def _isnamedtuple(obj):
    '''Named tuples are identified via duck typing:
       <http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/python/dev/1142178>
    '''
    return isinstance(obj, tuple) and hasattr(obj, '_fields')


def _isnumpy(obj):
    '''Returns True for a NumPy arange, array, matrix, etc. instance.
    '''
    if _numpy_types:  # see also _len_numpy
        return isinstance(obj, _numpy_types) or \
             (_moduleof(_classof(obj)).startswith('numpy') and
               hasattr(obj, 'nbytes'))
    return False


def _issubclass(sub, sup):
    '''Safe issubclass().
    '''
    if sup is not object:
        try:
            return issubclass(sub, sup)
        except TypeError:
            pass
    return False


def _itemsize(t, item=0):
    '''Gets non-zero itemsize of type.
    '''
    # replace zero value with default
    return getattr(t, '__itemsize__', 0) or item


def _kwdstr(**kwds):
    '''Keyword arguments as a string.
    '''
    return ', '.join(sorted('%s=%r' % kv for kv in _items(kwds)))


def _lengstr(obj):
    '''Object length as a string.
    '''
    n = alen(obj)
    if n is None:  # no len
        r = ''
    elif n > _len(obj):  # extended
        r = ' alen %d!' % n
    else:
        r = ' alen %d' % n
    return r


def _moduleof(obj, dflt=''):
    '''Returns the object's module name.
    '''
    return getattr(obj, '__module__', dflt)


def _nameof(obj, dflt=''):
    '''Returns the name of an object.
    '''
    return getattr(obj, '__name__', dflt)


def _objs_opts(objs, all=None, **opts):
    '''Returns given or 'all' objects
       and the remaining options.
    '''
    if objs:  # given objects
        t = objs
    elif all in (False, None):
        t = ()
    elif all is True:  # 'all' objects ...
        # ... modules first, globals and stack
        # (may contain duplicate objects)
        t = tuple(_values(sys.modules)) + (
            globals(), stack(sys.getrecursionlimit())[2:])
    else:
        raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('all', all))
    return t, opts


def _p100(part, total, prec=1):
    '''Returns percentage as string.
    '''
    r = float(total)
    if r:
        r = part * 100.0 / r
        return '%.*f%%' % (prec, r)
    return 'n/a'


def _plural(num):
    '''Returns 's' if plural.
    '''
    if num == 1:
        s = ''
    else:
        s = 's'
    return s


def _power2(n):
    '''Finds the next power of 2.
    '''
    p2 = 16
    while n > p2:
        p2 += p2
    return p2


def _prepr(obj, clip=0):
    '''Prettify and clip long repr() string.
    '''
    return _repr(obj, clip=clip).strip('<>').replace("'", '')  # remove <''>


def _printf(fmt, *args, **print3opts):
    '''Formatted print to sys.stdout or given stream.

        *print3opts* -- print keyword arguments, like Python 3.+
    '''
    if print3opts:  # like Python 3.0
        f = print3opts.get('file', None) or sys.stdout
        if args:
            f.write(fmt % args)
        else:
            f.write(fmt)
        f.write(print3opts.get('end', linesep))
        if print3opts.get('flush', False):
            f.flush()
    elif args:
        print(fmt % args)
    else:
        print(fmt)


def _refs(obj, named, *attrs, **kwds):
    '''Returns specific attribute objects of an object.
    '''
    if named:
        _N = _NamedRef
    else:
        def _N(_, o):
            return o

    for a in attrs:  # cf. inspect.getmembers()
        if hasattr(obj, a):
            yield _N(a, getattr(obj, a))
    if kwds:  # kwds are _dir2() args
        for a, o in _dir2(obj, **kwds):
            yield _N(a, o)


def _repr(obj, clip=80):
    '''Clips long repr() string.
    '''
    try:  # safe repr()
        r = repr(obj)
    except Exception:
        r = 'N/A'
    if 0 < clip < len(r):
        h = (clip // 2) - 2
        if h > 0:
            r = r[:h] + '....' + r[-h:]
    return r


def _SI(size, K=1024, i='i'):
    '''Returns size as SI string.
    '''
    if 1 < K < size:
        f = float(size)
        for si in iter('KMGPTE'):
            f /= K
            if f < K:
                return ' or %.1f %s%sB' % (f, si, i)
    return ''


def _SI2(size, **kwds):
    '''Returns size as regular plus SI string.
    '''
    return str(size) + _SI(size, **kwds)


# type-specific referents functions

def _cell_refs(obj, named):
    return _refs(obj, named, 'cell_contents')


def _class_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a class object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__class__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__mro__',
                             '__name__', '__slots__', '__weakref__')


def _co_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a code object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, pref='co_')


def _dict_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns key and value objects of a dict/proxy.
    '''
    try:
        if named:
            for k, v in _items(obj):
                s = str(k)
                yield _NamedRef('[K] ' + s, k)
                yield _NamedRef('[V] ' + s + ': ' + _repr(v), v)
        else:
            for k, v in _items(obj):
                yield k
                yield v
    except ReferenceError:
        warnings.warn("Reference error iterating '%s'" % (_classof(obj),))


def _enum_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of an enumerate object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__doc__')


def _exc_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of an Exception object.
    '''
    # .message raises DeprecationWarning in Python 2.6
    return _refs(obj, named, 'args', 'filename', 'lineno', 'msg', 'text')  # , 'message', 'mixed'


def _file_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a file object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, 'mode', 'name')


def _frame_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a frame object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, pref='f_')


def _func_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a function or lambda object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__doc__', '__name__', '__code__', '__closure__',
                 pref='func_', excl=('func_globals',))


def _gen_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns the referent(s) of a generator object.
    '''
    # only some gi_frame attrs
    f = getattr(obj, 'gi_frame', None)
    return _refs(f, named, 'f_locals', 'f_code')


def _im_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a method object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__doc__', '__name__', '__code__', pref='im_')


def _inst_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a class instance.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__dict__', '__class__', slots='__slots__')


def _iter_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns the referent(s) of an iterator object.
    '''
    r = _getreferents(obj)  # special case
    return _refs(r, named, itor=_nameof(obj) or 'iteref')


def _module_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a module object.
    '''
    # ignore this very module
    if obj.__name__ == __name__:
        return ()
    # module is essentially a dict
    return _dict_refs(obj.__dict__, named)


def _namedtuple_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of obj-as-sequence and slots but exclude dict.
    '''
    for r in _refs(obj, named, '__class__', slots='__slots__'):
        yield r
    for r in obj:
        yield r


def _prop_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a property object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__doc__', pref='f')


def _seq_refs(obj, unused):  # named unused for PyChecker
    '''Returns specific referents of a frozen/set, list, tuple and xrange object.
    '''
    return obj  # XXX for r in obj: yield r


def _stat_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns referents of a os.stat object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, pref='st_')


def _statvfs_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns referents of a os.statvfs object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, pref='f_')


def _tb_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a traceback object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, pref='tb_')


def _type_refs(obj, named):
    '''Returns specific referents of a type object.
    '''
    return _refs(obj, named, '__dict__', '__doc__', '__mro__',
                             '__name__', '__slots__', '__weakref__')


def _weak_refs(obj, unused):  # named unused for PyChecker
    '''Returns weakly referent object.
    '''
    try:  # ignore 'key' of KeyedRef
        return (obj(),)
    except Exception:  # XXX ReferenceError
        return ()


_all_refs = (None, _cell_refs, _class_refs, _co_refs, _dict_refs, _enum_refs,
             _exc_refs, _file_refs, _frame_refs, _func_refs, _gen_refs,
             _im_refs, _inst_refs, _iter_refs, _module_refs, _namedtuple_refs,
             _prop_refs, _seq_refs, _stat_refs, _statvfs_refs, _tb_refs,
             _type_refs, _weak_refs)


# type-specific length functions

def _len(obj):
    '''Safe len().
    '''
    try:
        return len(obj)
    except TypeError:  # no len()
        return 0


def _len_array(obj):
    '''Array length (in bytes!).
    '''
    return len(obj) * obj.itemsize


def _len_bytearray(obj):
    '''Bytearray size.
    '''
    return obj.__alloc__()


def _len_code(obj):  # see .../Lib/test/test_sys.py
    '''Length of code object (stack and variables only).
    '''
    return (obj.co_stacksize + obj.co_nlocals +
           _len(obj.co_freevars) + _len(obj.co_cellvars) - 1)


def _len_dict(obj):
    '''Dict length in items (estimate).
    '''
    n = len(obj)  # active items
    if n < 6:  # ma_smalltable ...
        n = 0  # ... in basicsize
    else:  # at least one unused
        n = _power2(n + 1)
    return n


def _len_frame(obj):
    '''Length of a frame object.
    '''
    c = getattr(obj, 'f_code', None)
    if c:
        n = _len_code(c)
    else:
        n = 0
    return n


_digit2p2 = 1 << (_sizeof_Cdigit << 3)
_digitmax = _digit2p2 - 1  # == (2 * PyLong_MASK + 1)
_digitlog = 1.0 / log(_digit2p2)


def _len_int(obj):
    '''Length of multi-precision int (aka long) in digits.
    '''
    if obj:
        n, i = 1, abs(obj)
        if i > _digitmax:
            # no log(x[, base]) in Python 2.2
            n += int(log(i) * _digitlog)
    else:  # zero
        n = 0
    return n


def _len_iter(obj):
    '''Length (hint) of an iterator.
    '''
    n = getattr(obj, '__length_hint__', None)
    if n:
        n = n()
    else:  # try len()
        n = _len(obj)
    return n


def _len_list(obj):
    '''Length of list (estimate).
    '''
    n = len(obj)
    # estimate over-allocation
    if n > 8:
        n += 6 + (n >> 3)
    elif n:
        n += 4
    return n


def _len_module(obj):
    '''Module length.
    '''
    return _len(obj.__dict__)  # _len(dir(obj))


def _len_numpy(obj):
    '''NumPy array, matrix, etc. length (in bytes!).
    '''
    return obj.nbytes  # == obj.size * obj.itemsize


def _len_set(obj):
    '''Length of frozen/set (estimate).
    '''
    n = len(obj)
    if n > 8:  # assume half filled
        n = _power2(n + n - 2)
    elif n:  # at least 8
        n = 8
    return n


def _len_slice(obj):
    '''Slice length.
    '''
    try:
        return ((obj.stop - obj.start + 1) // obj.step)
    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
        return 0


def _len_slots(obj):
    '''Slots length.
    '''
    return len(obj) - 1


def _len_struct(obj):
    '''Struct length in bytes.
    '''
    try:
        return obj.size
    except AttributeError:
        return 0


def _len_unicode(obj):
    '''Unicode size.
    '''
    return len(obj) + 1


_all_lens = (None, _len, _len_array, _len_bytearray, _len_code,
                   _len_dict, _len_frame, _len_int, _len_iter,
                   _len_list, _len_module, _len_numpy, _len_set,
                   _len_slice, _len_slots, _len_struct, _len_unicode)

# more private functions and classes

_old_style = '*'  # marker
_new_style = ''   # no marker


class _Claskey(object):
    '''Wrapper for class objects.
    '''
    __slots__ = ('_obj', '_sty')

    def __init__(self, obj, style):
        self._obj = obj  # XXX Weakref.ref(obj)
        self._sty = style

    def __str__(self):
        r = str(self._obj)
        if r.endswith('>'):
            r = '%s%s def>' % (r[:-1], self._sty)
        elif self._sty is _old_style and not r.startswith('class '):
            r = 'class %s%s def' % (r, self._sty)
        else:
            r = '%s%s def' % (r, self._sty)
        return r
    __repr__ = __str__


# For most objects, the object type is used as the key in the
# _typedefs dict further below, except class and type objects
# and old-style instances.  Those are wrapped with separate
# _Claskey or _Instkey instances to be able (1) to distinguish
# instances of different old-style classes by class, (2) to
# distinguish class (and type) instances from class (and type)
# definitions for new-style classes and (3) provide similar
# results for repr() and str() of new- and old-style classes
# and instances.

_claskeys = {}  # [id(obj)] = _Claskey()


def _claskey(obj, style):
    '''Wraps an old- or new-style class object.
    '''
    i = id(obj)
    k = _claskeys.get(i, None)
    if not k:
        _claskeys[i] = k = _Claskey(obj, style)
    return k


try:  # MCCABE 19
    # no Class- and InstanceType in Python 3.0
    _Types_ClassType = Types.ClassType
    _Types_InstanceType = Types.InstanceType

    class _Instkey(object):
        '''Wrapper for old-style class (instances).
        '''
        __slots__ = ('_obj',)

        def __init__(self, obj):
            self._obj = obj  # XXX Weakref.ref(obj)

        def __str__(self):
            t = _moduleof(self._obj), self._obj.__name__, _old_style
            return '<class %s.%s%s>' % t
        __repr__ = __str__

    _instkeys = {}  # [id(obj)] = _Instkey()

    def _instkey(obj):
        '''Wraps an old-style class (instance).
        '''
        i = id(obj)
        k = _instkeys.get(i, None)
        if not k:
            _instkeys[i] = k = _Instkey(obj)
        return k

    def _keytuple(obj):
        '''Returns class and instance keys for a class.
        '''
        t = type(obj)
        if t is _Types_InstanceType:
            t = obj.__class__
            return _claskey(t, _old_style), _instkey(t)
        elif t is _Types_ClassType:
            return _claskey(obj, _old_style), _instkey(obj)
        elif t is _Type_type:
            return _claskey(obj, _new_style), obj
        return None, None  # not a class

    def _objkey(obj):
        '''Returns the key for any object.
        '''
        k = type(obj)
        if k is _Types_InstanceType:
            k = _instkey(obj.__class__)
        elif k is _Types_ClassType:
            k = _claskey(obj, _old_style)
        elif k is _Type_type:
            k = _claskey(obj, _new_style)
        return k

except AttributeError:  # Python 3.0

    def _keytuple(obj):  # PYCHOK expected
        '''Returns class and instance keys for a class.
        '''
        if type(obj) is _Type_type:  # isclass(obj):
            return _claskey(obj, _new_style), obj
        return None, None  # not a class

    def _objkey(obj):  # PYCHOK expected
        '''Returns the key for any object.
        '''
        k = type(obj)
        if k is _Type_type:  # isclass(obj):
            k = _claskey(obj, _new_style)
        return k


class _NamedRef(object):
    '''Store referred object along
       with the name of the referent.
    '''
    __slots__ = ('name', 'ref')

    def __init__(self, name, ref):
        self.name = name
        self.ref = ref


class _Slots(tuple):
    '''Wrapper class for __slots__ attribute at
       class instances to account for the size
       of the __slots__ tuple/list containing
       references to the attribute values.
    '''
    pass


# kinds of _Typedefs
_i = _intern
_all_kinds = (_kind_static, _kind_dynamic, _kind_derived, _kind_ignored, _kind_inferred) = (
                _i('static'), _i('dynamic'), _i('derived'), _i('ignored'), _i('inferred'))
del _i

_Not_vari = ''  # non-variable item size


class _Typedef(object):
    '''Type definition class.
    '''
    __slots__ = {
        'base': 0,     # basic size in bytes
        'item': 0,     # item size in bytes
        'alen': None,  # or _len_...() function
        'refs': None,  # or _..._refs() function
        'both': None,  # both data and code if True, code only if False
        'kind': None,  # _kind_... value
        'type': None,  # original type
        'vari': None}  # item size attr name or _Not_vari

    def __init__(self, **kwds):
        self.reset(**kwds)

    def __lt__(self, unused):  # for Python 3.0
        return True

    def __repr__(self):
        return repr(self.args())

    def __str__(self):
        t = [str(self.base), str(self.item)]
        for f in (self.alen, self.refs):
            if f:
                t.append(f.__name__)
            else:
                t.append('n/a')
        if not self.both:
            t.append('(code only)')
        return ', '.join(t)

    def args(self):  # as args tuple
        '''Returns all attributes as arguments tuple.
        '''
        return (self.base, self.item, self.alen, self.refs,
                self.both, self.kind, self.type)

    def dup(self, other=None, **kwds):
        '''Duplicate attributes of dict or other typedef.
        '''
        if other is None:
            d = _dict_typedef.kwds()
        else:
            d = other.kwds()
        d.update(kwds)
        self.reset(**d)

    def flat(self, obj, mask=0):
        '''Returns the aligned flat size.
        '''
        s = self.base
        if self.alen and self.item > 0:  # include items
            s += self.alen(obj) * self.item
        if _getsizeof:  # _getsizeof prevails
            s = _getsizeof(obj, s)
        if mask:  # align
            s = (s + mask) & ~mask
        return s

    def format(self):
        '''Returns format dict.
        '''
        i = self.item
        if self.vari:
            i = 'var'
        c = n = ''
        if not self.both:
            c = ' (code only)'
        if self.alen:
            n = ' (%s)' % _nameof(self.alen)
        return dict(base=self.base, item=i, alen=n, code=c,
                    kind=self.kind)

    def kwds(self):
        '''Returns all attributes as keywords dict.
        '''
        return dict(base=self.base, item=self.item,
                    alen=self.alen, refs=self.refs,
                    both=self.both, kind=self.kind,
                    type=self.type, vari=self.vari)

    def save(self, t, base=0, heap=False):
        '''Saves this typedef plus its class typedef.
        '''
        c, k = _keytuple(t)
        if k and k not in _typedefs:  # instance key
            _typedefs[k] = self
            if c and c not in _typedefs:  # class key
                if t.__module__ in _builtin_modules:
                    k = _kind_ignored  # default
                else:
                    k = self.kind
                _typedefs[c] = _Typedef(base=_basicsize(type(t), base=base, heap=heap),
                                        refs=_type_refs,
                                        both=False, kind=k, type=t)
        elif isbuiltin(t) and t not in _typedefs:  # array, range, xrange in Python 2.x
            _typedefs[t] = _Typedef(base=_basicsize(t, base=base),
                                    both=False, kind=_kind_ignored, type=t)
        else:
            raise KeyError('asizeof typedef %r bad: %r %r' % (self, (c, k), self.both))

    def set(self, safe_len=False, **kwds):
        '''Sets one or more attributes.
        '''
        if kwds:  # double check
            d = self.kwds()
            d.update(kwds)
            self.reset(**d)
        if safe_len and self.item:
            self.alen = _len

    def reset(self, base=0, item=0, alen=None, refs=None,
                    both=True, kind=None, type=None, vari=_Not_vari):
        '''Resets all specified attributes.
        '''
        if base < 0:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('base', base))
        else:
            self.base = base
        if item < 0:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('item', item))
        else:
            self.item = item
        if alen in _all_lens:  # XXX or _iscallable(alen)
            self.alen = alen
        else:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('alen', alen))
        if refs in _all_refs:  # XXX or _iscallable(refs)
            self.refs = refs
        else:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('refs', refs))
        if both in (False, True):
            self.both = both
        else:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('both', both))
        if kind in _all_kinds:
            self.kind = kind
        else:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('kind', kind))
        self.type = type
        self.vari = vari or _Not_vari
        if str(self.vari) != self.vari:
            raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('vari', vari))


_typedefs = {}  # [key] = _Typedef()


def _typedef_both(t, base=0, item=0, alen=None, refs=None,
                     kind=_kind_static, heap=False, vari=_Not_vari):
    '''Adds new typedef for both data and code.
    '''
    v = _Typedef(base=_basicsize(t, base=base), item=_itemsize(t, item),
                 refs=refs, alen=alen,
                 both=True, kind=kind, type=t, vari=vari)
    v.save(t, base=base, heap=heap)
    return v  # for _dict_typedef


def _typedef_code(t, base=0, refs=None, kind=_kind_static, heap=False):
    '''Adds new typedef for code only.
    '''
    v = _Typedef(base=_basicsize(t, base=base),
                 refs=refs,
                 both=False, kind=kind, type=t)
    v.save(t, base=base, heap=heap)
    return v  # for _dict_typedef


# static typedefs for data and code types
_typedef_both(complex)
_typedef_both(float)
_typedef_both(list, refs=_seq_refs, alen=_len_list, item=_sizeof_Cvoidp)  # sizeof(PyObject*)
_typedef_both(tuple, refs=_seq_refs, alen=_len, item=_sizeof_Cvoidp)  # sizeof(PyObject*)
_typedef_both(property, refs=_prop_refs)
_typedef_both(type(Ellipsis))
_typedef_both(type(None))

# _Slots is a special tuple, see _Slots.__doc__
_typedef_both(_Slots, item=_sizeof_Cvoidp,
              alen=_len_slots,  # length less one
              refs=None,  # but no referents
              heap=True)  # plus head

# dict, dictproxy, dict_proxy and other dict-like types
_dict_typedef = _typedef_both(dict, item=_sizeof_CPyDictEntry, alen=_len_dict, refs=_dict_refs)
try:  # <type dictproxy> only in Python 2.x
    _typedef_both(Types.DictProxyType, item=_sizeof_CPyDictEntry, alen=_len_dict, refs=_dict_refs)
except AttributeError:  # XXX any class __dict__ is <type dict_proxy> in Python 3.0?
    _typedef_both(type(_Typedef.__dict__), item=_sizeof_CPyDictEntry, alen=_len_dict, refs=_dict_refs)
# other dict-like classes and types may be derived or inferred,
# provided the module and class name is listed here (see functions
# adict, _isdictclass and _infer_dict for further details)
_dict_classes = {'UserDict': ('IterableUserDict', 'UserDict'),
                 'weakref': ('WeakKeyDictionary', 'WeakValueDictionary')}
try:  # <type module> is essentially a dict
    _typedef_both(Types.ModuleType, base=_dict_typedef.base,
                  item=_dict_typedef.item + _sizeof_CPyModuleObject,
                  alen=_len_module, refs=_module_refs)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

_getsizeof_excls = ()  # to adjust _getsizeof


def _getsizeof_excls_add(typ):
    global _getsizeof_excls
    if typ not in _getsizeof_excls:
        _getsizeof_excls += (typ,)


# newer or obsolete types
try:
    from array import array  # array type

    def _array_kwds(obj):
        if hasattr(obj, 'itemsize'):
            v = 'itemsize'
        else:
            v = _Not_vari
        # since item size varies by the array data type, set
        # itemsize to 1 byte and use _len_array in bytes; note,
        # function itemsize returns the actual size in bytes
        # and function alen returns the length in number of items
        return dict(alen=_len_array, item=_sizeof_Cbyte, vari=v)

    _typedef_both(array, **_array_kwds(array('d', [])))

    v = sys.version_info
    _array_excl = (v[0] == 2 and v < (2, 7, 4)) or \
                  (v[0] == 3 and v < (3, 2, 4))
    if _array_excl:  # see function _typedef below
        _getsizeof_excls_add(array)

    del v
except ImportError:  # missing
    _array_excl = array = None  # see function _typedef below

try:  # bool has non-zero __itemsize__ in 3.0
    _typedef_both(bool)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # ignore basestring
    _typedef_both(basestring, alen=None)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    if isbuiltin(buffer):  # Python 2.2
        _typedef_both(type(buffer('')), item=_sizeof_Cbyte, alen=_len)  # XXX len in bytes?
    else:
        _typedef_both(buffer, item=_sizeof_Cbyte, alen=_len)  # XXX len in bytes?
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(bytearray, item=_sizeof_Cbyte, alen=_len_bytearray)
except NameError:  # bytearray new in 2.6, 3.0
    pass
try:
    if type(bytes) is not type(str):  # bytes is str in 2.6, bytes new in 2.6, 3.0
        _typedef_both(bytes, item=_sizeof_Cbyte, alen=_len)  # bytes new in 2.6, 3.0
except NameError:  # missing
    pass
try:  # XXX like bytes
    _typedef_both(str8, item=_sizeof_Cbyte, alen=_len)  # PYCHOK str8 new in 2.6, 3.0
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(enumerate, refs=_enum_refs)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # Exception is type in Python 3.0
    _typedef_both(Exception, refs=_exc_refs)
except Exception:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(file, refs=_file_refs)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(frozenset, item=_sizeof_Csetentry, alen=_len_set, refs=_seq_refs)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass
try:
    _typedef_both(set, item=_sizeof_Csetentry, alen=_len_set, refs=_seq_refs)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # not callable()
    _typedef_both(Types.GetSetDescriptorType)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # if long exists, it is multi-precision ...
    _typedef_both(long, item=_sizeof_Cdigit, alen=_len_int)
    _typedef_both(int)  # ... and int is fixed size
except NameError:  # no long, only multi-precision int in Python 3.0
    _typedef_both(int, item=_sizeof_Cdigit, alen=_len_int)

try:  # not callable()
    _typedef_both(Types.MemberDescriptorType)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(type(NotImplemented))  # == Types.NotImplementedType
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

_numpy_types = ()
try:
    import numpy  # NumPy array, matrix, etc.

    def _numpy_kwds(obj):
        if _getsizeof:
            b = _getsizeof(obj, 96) - obj.nbytes
        else:
            b = 96  # 96..144 typical __basicsize__?
        # since item size depends on the nympy data type, set
        # itemsize to 1 byte and use _len_numpy in bytes; note,
        # function itemsize returns the actual size in bytes,
        # function alen returns the length in number of items
        return dict(base=b, item=_sizeof_Cbyte,  # not obj.itemsize
                            alen=_len_numpy,
                            vari='itemsize')

    for d in (numpy.array(range(0)), numpy.arange(0),
              numpy.matrix(range(0)), numpy.ma.masked_array([])):
        t = type(d)
        if t not in _numpy_types:
            _numpy_types += (t,)
            if _isnumpy(d):  # double check
                _typedef_both(t, **_numpy_kwds(d))
            else:
                raise AssertionError('not %s: %r' % ('numpy', d))

    # sizing numpy 1.13 arrays works fine, but 1.8 and older
    # appears to suffer from sys.getsizeof() bug as array
    v = tuple(map(int, numpy.__version__.split('.')))
    _numpy_excl = v < (1, 9, 0)
    if _numpy_excl:  # see function _typedef below
        for t in _numpy_types:
            _getsizeof_excls_add(t)

    del numpy, d, t, v
except ImportError:
    _numpy_excl = False  # see function _typedef below

try:
    _typedef_both(range)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass
try:
    _typedef_both(xrange)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(reversed, refs=_enum_refs)
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(slice, item=_sizeof_Cvoidp, alen=_len_slice)  # XXX worst-case itemsize?
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    from os import stat
    _typedef_both(type(stat(curdir)), refs=_stat_refs)  # stat_result
except ImportError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    from os import statvfs
    _typedef_both(type(statvfs(curdir)), refs=_statvfs_refs,  # statvfs_result
                  item=_sizeof_Cvoidp, alen=_len)
except ImportError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    from struct import Struct  # only in Python 2.5 and 3.0
    _typedef_both(Struct, item=_sizeof_Cbyte, alen=_len_struct)  # len in bytes
except ImportError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(Types.TracebackType, refs=_tb_refs)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

try:
    _typedef_both(unicode, alen=_len_unicode, item=_sizeof_Cunicode)
    _typedef_both(str, alen=_len, item=_sizeof_Cbyte)  # 1-byte char
except NameError:  # str is unicode
    _typedef_both(str, alen=_len_unicode, item=_sizeof_Cunicode)

try:  # <type 'KeyedRef'>
    _typedef_both(Weakref.KeyedRef, refs=_weak_refs, heap=True)  # plus head
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # <type 'weakproxy'>
    _typedef_both(Weakref.ProxyType)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # <type 'weakref'>
    _typedef_both(Weakref.ReferenceType, refs=_weak_refs)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

# some other, callable types
_typedef_code(object, kind=_kind_ignored)
_typedef_code(super, kind=_kind_ignored)
_typedef_code(_Type_type, kind=_kind_ignored)

try:
    _typedef_code(classmethod, refs=_im_refs)
except NameError:
    pass
try:
    _typedef_code(staticmethod, refs=_im_refs)
except NameError:
    pass
try:
    _typedef_code(Types.MethodType, refs=_im_refs)
except NameError:
    pass

try:  # generator, code only, no len(), not callable()
    _typedef_code(Types.GeneratorType, refs=_gen_refs)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # <type 'weakcallableproxy'>
    _typedef_code(Weakref.CallableProxyType, refs=_weak_refs)
except AttributeError:  # missing
    pass

# any type-specific iterators
s = [_items({}), _keys({}), _values({})]
try:  # reversed list and tuples iterators
    s.extend([reversed([]), reversed(())])
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # range iterator
    s.append(xrange(1))
except NameError:  # missing
    pass

try:  # callable-iterator
    from re import finditer
    s.append(finditer('', ''))
except ImportError:  # missing
    pass

for t in _values(_typedefs):
    if t.type and t.alen:
        try:  # create an (empty) instance
            s.append(t.type())
        except TypeError:
            pass
for t in s:
    try:
        i = iter(t)
        _typedef_both(type(i), alen=_len_iter, refs=_iter_refs, item=0)  # no itemsize!
    except (KeyError, TypeError):  # ignore non-iterables, duplicates, etc.
        pass
del i, s, t


if _getsizeof_excls and _getsizeof:
    # workaround the sys.getsizeof (and numpy?) bug
    def _wraps(sys_sizeof):
        def _getsizeof_wrap(obj, *default):
            if isinstance(obj, _getsizeof_excls):
                try:
                    return default[0]
                except IndexError:
                    raise TypeError('no default')
            else:
                return sys_sizeof(obj, *default)
        return _getsizeof_wrap

    _getsizeof = _wraps(_getsizeof)
    del _wraps


def _typedef(obj, derive=False, infer=False):  # MCCABE 24
    '''Creates a new typedef for an object.
    '''
    t = type(obj)
    v = _Typedef(base=_basicsize(t, obj=obj),
                 kind=_kind_dynamic, type=t)
#   _printf('new %r %r/%r %s', t, _basicsize(t), _itemsize(t), _repr(dir(obj)))
    if ismodule(obj):  # handle module like dict
        v.dup(item=_dict_typedef.item + _sizeof_CPyModuleObject,
              alen=_len_module,
              refs=_module_refs)
    elif isframe(obj):
        v.set(base=_basicsize(t, base=_sizeof_CPyFrameObject, obj=obj),
              item=_itemsize(t),
              alen=_len_frame,
              refs=_frame_refs)
    elif iscode(obj):
        v.set(base=_basicsize(t, base=_sizeof_CPyCodeObject, obj=obj),
              item=_sizeof_Cvoidp,
              alen=_len_code,
              refs=_co_refs,
              both=False)  # code only
    elif _iscallable(obj):
        if isclass(obj):  # class or type
            v.set(refs=_class_refs,
                  both=False)  # code only
            if _moduleof(obj) in _builtin_modules:
                v.set(kind=_kind_ignored)
        elif isbuiltin(obj):  # function or method
            v.set(both=False,  # code only
                  kind=_kind_ignored)
        elif isfunction(obj):
            v.set(refs=_func_refs,
                  both=False)  # code only
        elif ismethod(obj):
            v.set(refs=_im_refs,
                  both=False)  # code only
        elif isclass(t):  # callable instance, e.g. SCons,
            # handle like any other instance further below
            v.set(item=_itemsize(t), safe_len=True,
                  refs=_inst_refs)  # not code only!
        else:
            v.set(both=False)  # code only
    elif _issubclass(t, dict):
        v.dup(kind=_kind_derived)
    elif _isdictclass(obj) or (infer and _infer_dict(obj)):
        v.dup(kind=_kind_inferred)
    elif _iscell(obj):
        v.set(item=_itemsize(t), refs=_cell_refs)
    elif _isnamedtuple(obj):
        v.set(refs=_namedtuple_refs)
    elif _isnumpy(obj):  # NumPy data
        v.set(**_numpy_kwds(obj))
        if _numpy_excl:
            _getsizeof_excls_add(t)
    elif array and isinstance(obj, array):
        v.set(**_array_kwds(obj))
        if _array_excl:
            _getsizeof_excls_add(t)
    elif _moduleof(obj) in _builtin_modules:
        v.set(kind=_kind_ignored)
    else:  # assume an instance of some class
        if derive:
            p = _derive_typedef(t)
            if p:  # duplicate parent
                v.dup(other=p, kind=_kind_derived)
                return v
        if _issubclass(t, Exception):
            v.set(item=_itemsize(t), safe_len=True,
                  refs=_exc_refs,
                  kind=_kind_derived)
        elif isinstance(obj, Exception):
            v.set(item=_itemsize(t), safe_len=True,
                  refs=_exc_refs)
        else:
            v.set(item=_itemsize(t), safe_len=True,
                  refs=_inst_refs)
    return v


class _Prof(object):
    '''Internal type profile class.
    '''
    total = 0      # total size
    high = 0       # largest size
    number = 0     # number of (unique) objects
    objref = None  # largest object (weakref)
    weak = False   # objref is weakref(object)

    def __cmp__(self, other):
        if self.total < other.total:
            return -1
        if self.total > other.total:
            return +1
        if self.number < other.number:
            return -1
        if self.number > other.number:
            return +1
        return 0

    def __lt__(self, other):  # for Python 3.0
        return self.__cmp__(other) < 0

    def format(self, clip=0, grand=None):
        '''Returns format dict.
        '''
        if self.number > 1:  # avg., plural
            a, p = int(self.total / self.number), 's'
        else:
            a, p = self.total, ''
        o = self.objref
        if self.weak:  # weakref'd
            o = o()
        t = _SI2(self.total)
        if grand:
            t += ' (%s)' % _p100(self.total, grand, prec=0)
        return dict(avg=_SI2(a), high=_SI2(self.high),
                    lengstr=_lengstr(o), obj=_repr(o, clip=clip),
                    plural=p, total=t)

    def update(self, obj, size):
        '''Updates this profile.
        '''
        self.number += 1
        self.total += size
        if self.high < size:  # largest
            self.high = size
            try:  # prefer using weak ref
                self.objref, self.weak = Weakref.ref(obj), True
            except TypeError:
                self.objref, self.weak = obj, False


# public classes

class Asized(object):
    '''Stores the results of an **asized** object in the following
    4 attributes:

        *size* -- total size of the object (including referents)

        *flat* -- flat size of the object

        *name* -- name or ``repr`` of the object

        *refs* -- tuple containing an **Asized** instance for each referent
    '''
    __slots__ = ('flat', 'name', 'refs', 'size')

    def __init__(self, size, flat, refs=(), name=None):
        self.size = size  # total size
        self.flat = flat  # flat size
        self.name = name  # name, repr or None
        self.refs = tuple(refs)

    def __str__(self):
        return 'size %r, flat %r, refs[%d], name %r' % (
            self.size, self.flat, len(self.refs), self.name)

    def format(self, format='%(name)s size=%(size)d flat=%(flat)d',
                     detail=-1, order_by='size', indent=''):
        '''Formats the size information of the object and of all sized
        referents as a string.

            *format='%(name)s...'* -- specifies the format string per
            instance, valid interpolation parameters are 'name', 'size'
            and 'flat'

            *detail=-1* -- detail level up to which referents are
            printed (-1 for unlimited)

            *order_by='size'* -- sort order of referents, valid choices
            are 'name', 'size' or 'flat'

            *indent=''* -- optional indentation
        '''
        lines = [indent + (format % dict(size=self.size, flat=self.flat,
                                         name=self.name))]
        if detail and self.refs:
            refs = sorted(self.refs, key=lambda x: getattr(x, order_by),
                                     reverse=order_by in ('size', 'flat'))
            lines += [ref.format(format=format, detail=detail-1, order_by=order_by,
                                 indent=indent+'    ') for ref in refs]
        return '\n'.join(lines)

    def get(self, name, dflt=None):
        '''Returns the named referent (or *dflt* if not found).
        '''
        for ref in self.refs:
            if name == ref.name:
                return ref
        return dflt


class Asizer(object):
    '''Sizer state and options.
    '''
    _align_ = 8
    _clip_ = 80
    _code_ = False
    _derive_ = False
    _detail_ = 0  # for Asized only
    _infer_ = False
    _limit_ = 100
    _stats_ = 0

    _cutoff = 0  # in percent
    _depth = 0  # deepest recursion
    _duplicate = 0
    _excl_d = None  # {}
    _ign_d = _kind_ignored
    _incl = ''  # or ' (incl. code)'
    _mask = 7   # see _align_
    _missed = 0   # due to errors
    _profile = False
    _profs = None  # {}
    _seen = None  # {}
    _total = 0   # total size

    _stream = None  # IO stream for printing

    def __init__(self, **opts):
        '''New **Asizer** accumulator.

        See this module documentation for more details.  See method
        **reset** for all available options and defaults.
        '''
        self._excl_d = {}
        self.reset(**opts)

    def _printf(self, fmt, *args, **print3opts):
        '''Prints to sys.stdout or the configured stream if any is
        specified and if the file keyword argument is not already
        set in the **print3opts for this specific call.
        '''
        if self._stream and not print3opts.get('file', None):
            if args:
                fmt = fmt % args
            _printf(fmt, file=self._stream, **print3opts)
        else:
            _printf(fmt, *args, **print3opts)

    def _clear(self):
        '''Clears state.
        '''
        self._depth = 0   # recursion depth reached
        self._duplicate = 0
        self._incl = ''  # or ' (incl. code)'
        self._missed = 0   # due to errors
        self._profile = False
        self._profs = {}
        self._seen = {}
        self._total = 0   # total size
        for k in _keys(self._excl_d):
            self._excl_d[k] = 0

    def _nameof(self, obj):
        '''Returns the object's name.
        '''
        return _nameof(obj, '') or self._repr(obj)

    def _prepr(self, obj):
        '''Like **prepr()**.
        '''
        return _prepr(obj, clip=self._clip_)

    def _prof(self, key):
        '''Gets _Prof object.
        '''
        p = self._profs.get(key, None)
        if not p:
            self._profs[key] = p = _Prof()
        return p

    def _repr(self, obj):
        '''Like ``repr()``.
        '''
        return _repr(obj, clip=self._clip_)

    def _sizer(self, obj, deep, sized):  # MCCABE 16
        '''Sizes an object, recursively.
        '''
        s, f, i = 0, 0, id(obj)
        # skip obj if seen before
        # or if ref of a given obj
        if i in self._seen:
            if deep:
                self._seen[i] += 1
                if sized:
                    s = sized(s, f, name=self._nameof(obj))
                return s
        else:
            self._seen[i] = 0
        try:
            k, rs = _objkey(obj), []
            if k in self._excl_d:
                self._excl_d[k] += 1
            else:
                v = _typedefs.get(k, None)
                if not v:  # new typedef
                    _typedefs[k] = v = _typedef(obj, derive=self._derive_,
                                                infer=self._infer_)
                if (v.both or self._code_) and v.kind is not self._ign_d:
                    s = f = v.flat(obj, self._mask)  # flat size
                    if self._profile:  # profile type
                        self._prof(k).update(obj, s)
                    # recurse, but not for nested modules
                    if v.refs and deep < self._limit_ \
                              and not (deep and ismodule(obj)):
                        # add sizes of referents
                        r, z, d = v.refs, self._sizer, deep + 1
                        if sized and deep < self._detail_:
                            # use named referents
                            for o in r(obj, True):
                                if isinstance(o, _NamedRef):
                                    t = z(o.ref, d, sized)
                                    t.name = o.name  # PYCHOK _sizer
                                else:
                                    t = z(o, d, sized)
                                    t.name = self._nameof(o)
                                rs.append(t)
                                s += t.size  # PYCHOK _sizer
                        else:  # no sum(<generator_expression>) in Python 2.2
                            s += sum(z(o, d, None) for o in r(obj, False))
                        # recursion depth reached
                        if self._depth < d:
                            self._depth = d
            self._seen[i] += 1
        except RuntimeError:  # XXX RecursionLimitExceeded:
            self._missed += 1
        if sized:
            s = sized(s, f, name=self._nameof(obj), refs=rs)
        return s

    def _sizes(self, objs, sized=None):
        '''Returns the size or an **Asized** instance for each given
        object and the total size.  The total includes the size of
        any duplicates only once.
        '''
        self.exclude_refs(*objs)  # skip refs to objs
        s, t = {}, []
        for o in objs:
            i = id(o)
            if i in s:  # duplicate
                self._seen[i] += 1
                self._duplicate += 1
            else:
                s[i] = self._sizer(o, 0, sized)
            t.append(s[i])
        if sized:
            s = sum(i.size for i in _values(s))
        else:
            s = sum(_values(s))
        self._total += s  # accumulate
        return s, tuple(t)

    def asized(self, *objs, **opts):
        '''Sizes each object and returns an **Asized** instance with
        size information and *referents* up to the given detail level
        (and with modified options, see method **set**).

        If only one object is given, the return value is the **Asized**
        instance for that object.
        '''
        if opts:
            self.set(**opts)
        _, t = self._sizes(objs, Asized)
        if len(t) == 1:
            t = t[0]
        return t

    def asizeof(self, *objs, **opts):
        '''Returns the combined size of the given objects (with modified
        options, see method **set**).
        '''
        if opts:
            self.set(**opts)
        s, _ = self._sizes(objs, None)
        return s

    def asizesof(self, *objs, **opts):
        '''Returns the individual sizes of the given objects (with
        modified options, see method  **set**).
        '''
        if opts:
            self.set(**opts)
        _, t = self._sizes(objs, None)
        return t

    def _get_duplicate(self):
        '''Number of duplicate objects seen so far.
        '''
        return self._duplicate
    duplicate = property(_get_duplicate, doc=_get_duplicate.__doc__)

    def exclude_refs(self, *objs):
        '''Excludes any references to the specified objects from sizing.

        While any references to the given objects are excluded, the
        objects will be sized if specified as positional arguments in
        subsequent calls to methods **asizeof** and **asizesof**.
        '''
        for o in objs:
            self._seen.setdefault(id(o), 0)

    def exclude_types(self, *objs):
        '''Exclude the specified object instances and types from sizing.

        All instances and types of the given objects are excluded, even
        objects specified as positional arguments in subsequent calls
        to methods **asizeof** and **asizesof**.
        '''
        for o in objs:
            for t in _keytuple(o):
                if t and t not in self._excl_d:
                    self._excl_d[t] = 0

    def _get_missed(self):
        '''Number of objects missed due to errors.
        '''
        return self._missed
    missed = property(_get_missed, doc=_get_missed.__doc__)

    def print_profiles(self, w=0, cutoff=0, **print3opts):
        '''Prints the profiles above *cutoff* percentage.

        The available options and defaults are:

            *w=0* -- indentation for each line

            *cutoff=0* -- minimum percentage printed

            *print3opts* -- print keyword arguments, like Python 3.+
        '''
        # get the profiles with non-zero size or count
        t = [(v, k) for k, v in _items(self._profs) if v.total > 0 or v.number > 1]
        if (len(self._profs) - len(t)) < 9:  # just show all
            t = [(v, k) for k, v in _items(self._profs)]
        if t:
            s = ''
            if self._total:
                s = ' (% of grand total)'
                c = max(cutoff, self._cutoff)
                c = int(c * 0.01 * self._total)
            else:
                c = 0
            self._printf('%s%*d profile%s:  total%s, average, and largest flat size%s:  largest object',
                         linesep, w, len(t), _plural(len(t)), s, self._incl, **print3opts)
            r = len(t)
            for v, k in sorted(t, reverse=True):
                s = 'object%(plural)s:  %(total)s, %(avg)s, %(high)s:  %(obj)s%(lengstr)s' % v.format(self._clip_, self._total)
                self._printf('%*d %s %s', w, v.number, self._prepr(k), s, **print3opts)
                r -= 1
                if r > 1 and v.total < c:
                    c = max(cutoff, self._cutoff)
                    self._printf('%+*d profiles below cutoff (%.0f%%)', w, r, c)
                    break
            z = len(self._profs) - len(t)
            if z > 0:
                self._printf('%+*d %r object%s', w, z, 'zero', _plural(z), **print3opts)

    def print_stats(self, objs=(), opts={}, sized=(), sizes=(), stats=3.0, **print3opts):
        '''Prints the statistics.

        The available options and defaults are:

            *w=0* -- indentation for each line

            *objs=()* -- optional, list of objects

            *opts={}* -- optional, dict of options used

            *sized=()* -- optional, tuple of **Asized** instances returned

            *sizes=()* -- optional, tuple of sizes returned

            *stats=0.0* -- print stats, see function **asizeof**

            *print3opts* -- print keyword arguments, like Python 3.+
        '''
        s = min(opts.get('stats', stats) or 0, self._stats_)
        if s > 0:  # print stats
            t = self._total + self._missed + sum(_values(self._seen))
            w = len(str(t)) + 1
            t = c = ''
            o = _kwdstr(**opts)
            if o and objs:
                c = ', '
            # print header line(s)
            if sized and objs:
                n = len(objs)
                if n > 1:
                    self._printf('%sasized(...%s%s) ...', linesep, c, o, **print3opts)
                    for i in range(n):  # no enumerate in Python 2.2.3
                        self._printf('%*d: %s', w - 1, i, sized[i], **print3opts)
                else:
                    self._printf('%sasized(%s): %s', linesep, o, sized, **print3opts)
            elif sizes and objs:
                self._printf('%sasizesof(...%s%s) ...', linesep, c, o, **print3opts)
                for z, o in zip(sizes, objs):
                    self._printf('%*d bytes%s%s:  %s', w, z, _SI(z), self._incl, self._repr(o), **print3opts)
            else:
                if objs:
                    t = self._repr(objs)
                self._printf('%sasizeof(%s%s%s) ...', linesep, t, c, o, **print3opts)
            # print summary
            self.print_summary(w=w, objs=objs, **print3opts)
            if s > 1:  # print profile
                self.print_profiles(w=w, cutoff=_c100(s), **print3opts)
                if s > 2:  # print typedefs
                    self.print_typedefs(w=w, **print3opts)

    def print_summary(self, w=0, objs=(), **print3opts):
        '''Prints the summary statistics.

        The available options and defaults are:

            *w=0* -- indentation for each line

            *objs=()* -- optional, list of objects

            *print3opts* -- print keyword arguments, like Python 3.+
        '''
        self._printf('%*d bytes%s%s', w, self._total, _SI(self._total), self._incl, **print3opts)
        if self._mask:
            self._printf('%*d byte aligned', w, self._mask + 1, **print3opts)
        self._printf('%*d byte sizeof(void*)', w, _sizeof_Cvoidp, **print3opts)
        n = len(objs or ())
        if n > 0:
            d = self._duplicate or ''
            if d:
                d = ', %d duplicate' % self._duplicate
            self._printf('%*d object%s given%s', w, n, _plural(n), d, **print3opts)
        t = sum(1 for t in _values(self._seen) if t != 0)
        self._printf('%*d object%s sized', w, t, _plural(t), **print3opts)
        if self._excl_d:
            t = sum(_values(self._excl_d))
            self._printf('%*d object%s excluded', w, t, _plural(t), **print3opts)
        t = sum(_values(self._seen))
        self._printf('%*d object%s seen', w, t, _plural(t), **print3opts)
        if self._missed > 0:
            self._printf('%*d object%s missed', w, self._missed, _plural(self._missed), **print3opts)
        if self._depth > 0:
            self._printf('%*d deepest recursion', w, self._depth, **print3opts)

    def print_typedefs(self, w=0, **print3opts):
        '''Prints the types and dict tables.

        The available options and defaults are:

            *w=0* -- indentation for each line

            *print3opts* -- print keyword arguments, like Python 3.+
        '''
        for k in _all_kinds:
            # XXX Python 3.0 doesn't sort type objects
            t = [(self._prepr(a), v) for a, v in _items(_typedefs) if v.kind == k and (v.both or self._code_)]
            if t:
                self._printf('%s%*d %s type%s:  basicsize, itemsize, _len_(), _refs()',
                             linesep, w, len(t), k, _plural(len(t)), **print3opts)
                for a, v in sorted(t):
                    self._printf('%*s %s:  %s', w, '', a, v, **print3opts)
        # dict and dict-like classes
        t = sum(len(v) for v in _values(_dict_classes))
        if t:
            self._printf('%s%*d dict/-like classes:', linesep, w, t, **print3opts)
            for m, v in _items(_dict_classes):
                self._printf('%*s %s:  %s', w, '', m, self._prepr(v), **print3opts)

    def _get_total(self):
        '''Total size (in bytes) accumulated so far.
        '''
        return self._total
    total = property(_get_total, doc=_get_total.__doc__)

    def reset(self, align=8, clip=80, code=False, derive=False,  # PYCHOK too many args
              detail=0, ignored=True, infer=False, limit=100, stats=0,
              stream=None):
        '''Resets the options, state, etc.

        The available options and defaults are:

            *align=8* -- size alignment

            *clip=80* -- clip repr() strings

            *code=False* -- incl. (byte)code size

            *derive=False* -- derive from super type

            *detail=0* -- **Asized** refs level

            *ignored=True* -- ignore certain types

            *infer=False* -- try to infer types

            *limit=100* -- recursion limit

            *stats=0.0* -- print statistics, see function **asizeof**

            *stream=None* -- output stream for printing

        See function **asizeof** for a description of the options.
        '''
        # options
        self._align_ = align
        self._clip_ = clip
        self._code_ = code
        self._derive_ = derive
        self._detail_ = detail  # for Asized only
        self._infer_ = infer
        self._limit_ = limit
        self._stats_ = stats
        self._stream = stream
        if ignored:
            self._ign_d = _kind_ignored
        else:
            self._ign_d = None
        # clear state
        self._clear()
        self.set(align=align, code=code, stats=stats)

    def set(self, align=None, code=None, detail=None, limit=None, stats=None):
        '''Sets some options.  See also method **reset**.

        Any options not set remain unchanged from the previous setting.
        The available options are:

            *align* -- size alignment

            *code* -- incl. (byte)code size

            *detail* -- **Asized** refs level

            *limit* -- recursion limit

            *stats* -- print statistics, see function **asizeof**
        '''
        # adjust
        if align is not None:
            self._align_ = align
            if align > 1:
                self._mask = align - 1
                if (self._mask & align) != 0:
                    raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('align', align))
            else:
                self._mask = 0
        if code is not None:
            self._code_ = code
            if code:  # incl. (byte)code
                self._incl = ' (incl. code)'
        if detail is not None:
            self._detail_ = detail
        if limit is not None:
            self._limit_ = limit
        if stats is not None:
            if stats < 0:
                raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('stats', stats))
            self._stats_ = s = int(stats)
            self._cutoff = _c100(stats)
            if s > 1:  # profile types
                self._profile = True
            else:
                self._profile = False


# public functions

def adict(*classes):
    '''Installs one or more classes to be handled as dict.
    '''
    a = True
    for c in classes:
        # if class is dict-like, add class
        # name to _dict_classes[module]
        if isclass(c) and _infer_dict(c):
            t = _dict_classes.get(c.__module__, ())
            if c.__name__ not in t:  # extend tuple
                _dict_classes[c.__module__] = t + (c.__name__,)
        else:  # not a dict-like class
            a = False
    return a  # all installed if True


_asizer = Asizer()


def asized(*objs, **opts):
    '''Returns a tuple containing an **Asized** instance for each
    object passed as positional argument.

    The available options and defaults are:

        *align=8* -- size alignment

        *clip=80* -- clip repr() strings

        *code=False* -- incl. (byte)code size

        *derive=False* -- derive from super type

        *detail=0* -- **Asized** refs level

        *ignored=True* -- ignore certain types

        *infer=False* -- try to infer types

        *limit=100* -- recursion limit

        *stats=0.0* -- print statistics, see function **asizeof**

    If only one object is given, the return value is the **Asized**
    instance for that object.  Otherwise, the length of the returned
    tuple matches the number of given objects.

    Set *detail* to the desired referents level and *limit* to the
    maximum recursion depth.

    See function **asizeof** for descriptions of the other options.
    '''
    if 'all' in opts:
        raise KeyError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('all', opts['all']))
    if objs:
        _asizer.reset(**opts)
        t = _asizer.asized(*objs)
        _asizer.print_stats(objs, opts=opts, sized=t)  # show opts as _kwdstr
        _asizer._clear()
    else:
        t = ()
    return t


def asizeof(*objs, **opts):
    '''Returns the combined size (in bytes) of all objects passed
    as positional arguments.

    The available options and defaults are:

        *align=8* -- size alignment

        *all=False* -- all current objects

        *clip=80* -- clip ``repr()`` strings

        *code=False* -- incl. (byte)code size

        *derive=False* -- derive from super type

        *ignored=True* -- ignore certain types

        *infer=False* -- try to infer types

        *limit=100* -- recursion limit

        *stats=0.0* -- print statistics

    Set *align* to a power of 2 to align sizes.  Any value less
    than 2 avoids size alignment.

    All current module, global and stack objects are sized if
    *all* is True and if no positional arguments are supplied.

    A positive *clip* value truncates all repr() strings to at
    most *clip* characters.

    The (byte)code size of callable objects like functions,
    methods, classes, etc. is included only if *code* is True.

    If *derive* is True, new types are handled like an existing
    (super) type provided there is one and only of those.

    By default certain base types like object, super, etc. are
    ignored.  Set *ignored* to False to include those.

    If *infer* is True, new types are inferred from attributes
    (only implemented for dict types on callable attributes
    as get, has_key, items, keys and values).

    Set *limit* to a positive value to accumulate the sizes of
    the referents of each object, recursively up to the limit.
    Using *limit=0* returns the sum of the flat[4] sizes of
    the given objects.  High *limit* values may cause runtime
    errors and miss objects for sizing.

    A positive value for *stats* prints up to 8 statistics, (1)
    a summary of the number of objects sized and seen, (2) a
    simple profile of the sized objects by type and (3+) up to
    6 tables showing the static, dynamic, derived, ignored,
    inferred and dict types used, found respectively installed.
    The fractional part of the *stats* value (x 100) is the
    cutoff percentage for simple profiles.

    See this module documentation for the definition of flat size.
    '''
    t, p = _objs_opts(objs, **opts)
    if t:
        _asizer.reset(**p)
        s = _asizer.asizeof(*t)
        _asizer.print_stats(objs=t, opts=opts)  # show opts as _kwdstr
        _asizer._clear()
    else:
        s = 0
    return s


def asizesof(*objs, **opts):
    '''Returns a tuple containing the size (in bytes) of all objects
    passed as positional argments.

    The available options and defaults are:

        *align=8* -- size alignment

        *clip=80* -- clip ``repr()`` strings

        *code=False* -- incl. (byte)code size

        *derive=False* -- derive from super type

        *ignored=True* -- ignore certain types

        *infer=False* -- try to infer types

        *limit=100* -- recursion limit

        *stats=0.0* -- print statistics

    See function **asizeof** for a description of the options.

    The length of the returned tuple equals the number of given objects.
    '''
    if 'all' in opts:
        raise KeyError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('all', opts['all']))
    if objs:  # size given objects
        _asizer.reset(**opts)
        t = _asizer.asizesof(*objs)
        _asizer.print_stats(objs, opts=opts, sizes=t)  # show opts as _kwdstr
        _asizer._clear()
    else:
        t = ()
    return t


def _typedefof(obj, save=False, **opts):
    '''Gets the typedef for an object.
    '''
    k = _objkey(obj)
    v = _typedefs.get(k, None)
    if not v:  # new typedef
        v = _typedef(obj, **opts)
        if save:
            _typedefs[k] = v
    return v


def alen(obj, **opts):
    '''Returns the length of an object (in *items*).

    See function **basicsize** for a description of the options.
    '''
    n = t = _typedefof(obj, **opts)
    if t:
        n = t.alen
        if n and _iscallable(n):
            i, v, n = t.item, t.vari, n(obj)
            if v and i == _sizeof_Cbyte:
                i = getattr(obj, v, i)
                if i > _sizeof_Cbyte:
                    n = n // i
    return n


leng = alen  # for backward comptibility


def basicsize(obj, **opts):
    '''Returns the basic size of an object (in bytes).

    The available options and defaults are:

        *derive=False* -- derive type from super type

        *infer=False* -- try to infer types

        *save=False* -- save the type definition if new
    '''
    b = _typedefof(obj, **opts)
    if b:
        b = b.base
    return b


def flatsize(obj, align=0, **opts):
    '''Returns the flat size of an object (in bytes), optionally aligned
    to a given power of 2.

    See function **basicsize** for a description of all other options.

    See this module documentation for the definition of *flat size*.
    '''
    v = _typedefof(obj, **opts)
    if v:
        if align > 1:
            m = align - 1
            if (align & m) != 0:
                raise ValueError('invalid option: %s=%r' % ('align', align))
        else:
            m = 0
        v = v.flat(obj, mask=m)
    return v


def itemsize(obj, **opts):
    '''Returns the item size of an object (in bytes).

    See function **basicsize** for a description of the options.
    '''
    i = t = _typedefof(obj, **opts)
    if t:
        i, v = t.item, t.vari
        if v and i == _sizeof_Cbyte:
            i = getattr(obj, v, i)
    return i


def named_refs(obj, **opts):
    """Returns (a generator for) all named *referents* of an object
    (re-using functionality from **asizeof**).

    See function **basicsize** for a description of the options.

    Does not return un-named *referents*, e.g. objects in a list.
    """
    t = _typedefof(obj, **opts)
    if t:
        r = t.refs
        if r and _iscallable(r):
            for nr in r(obj, True):
                try:
                    yield nr.name, nr.ref
                except AttributeError:
                    pass


def refs(obj, **opts):
    '''Returns (a generator for) specific *referents* of an object.

    See function **basicsize** for a description of the options.
    '''
    r = t = _typedefof(obj, **opts)
    if t:
        r = t.refs
        if r and _iscallable(r):
            r = r(obj, False)
    return r


if __name__ == '__main__':

    # Show all static _typedefs

    n = len(_typedefs)
    w = len(str(n)) * ' '
    _printf('%s%d type definitions: basic- and itemsize (alen), kind ... %s', linesep, n, '-type[def]s')
    for k, v in sorted((_prepr(k), v) for k, v in _items(_typedefs)):
        s = '%(base)s and %(item)s%(alen)s, %(kind)s%(code)s' % v.format()
        _printf('%s %s: %s', w, k, s)


# License from the initial version of this source file follows:

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
#       Copyright (c) 2002-2017 -- ProphICy Semiconductor, Inc.
#                        All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
# are met:
#
# - Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
#   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
#
# - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
#   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
#   the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
#   distribution.
#
# - Neither the name of ProphICy Semiconductor, Inc. nor the names
#   of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
#   derived from this software without specific prior written
#   permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
# INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
# (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
# SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
# STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
# ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
# OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------

The handling of __slots__ in new-style class instances has been corrected, once more. Below are the results for the (also corrected) test case:

% python ActivePython 2.5.2.2 (ActiveState Software Inc.) based on Python 2.5.2 (r252:60911, Mar 27 2008, 17:40:23) [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5250)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> class old: pass
... 
>>> class new(object):  __slots__=('m0',)   # note, comma!
... 
>>> import asizeof
>>> o=old()
>>> n=new()
>>> asizeof.asizeof(o)
184
>>> asizeof.asizeof(n)
96
>>> o.m0='x'*10240
>>> n.m0='x'*10240
>>> asizeof.asizeof(o)
10480
>>> asizeof.asizeof(n)
10336

The final value does no longer include the aggregate size of the __slots__ attribute names. Instead, the flatsize of a list/tuple holding the attribute values is represented thru a _Slots wrapper class instance.

10 comments

Jeff Stearns 15 years, 9 months ago  # | flag

Gives inconsistent results.

This module gives inconsistent results that are probably not what you expect.

For example, it treats old-style and new-style classes quite differently.

# Define old-style and a new-style classes:
>>> class old: pass
>>> class new(object):  __slots__=('m0')

# Create an instance of each class:
>>> o=old()
>>> n=new()

# How big are the instances?
>>> import asizeof
>>> asizeof.asizeof(o)
184
>>> asizeof.asizeof(n)
64

# Now let's assign a member to each instance:
>>> o.m0='x'*10240
>>> n.m0='x'*10240

# Now how big are the instances?
>>> asizeof.asizeof(o)
10480
>>> asizeof.asizeof(n)
64   # Probably not the answer you expected
Jeff Stearns 15 years, 9 months ago  # | flag

Needs a unit test. This module needs a proper unit test. It has some debug print statements that can print out several hundred lines of numbers and values, but that isn't a unit test.

Jean Brouwers (author) 15 years, 9 months ago  # | flag

There is still an issue with the handling of __slots__ in this version 4.2. The __slots__ attribute should not be sized for instances. Another revision is forthcoming.

Jean Brouwers (author) 15 years, 9 months ago  # | flag

A unit test for asizeof is in progress but depends on the new sys.getsizeof function in Python 2.6. The tests themselves need another update once 2.6 is final.

Jean Brouwers (author) 15 years, 6 months ago  # | flag

Version 5.9 from Oct 20, 2008 includes a -test option comparing the asizeof results with sys.getsizeof if the latter available.

pwaller 14 years, 1 month ago  # | flag

This looks quite thorough. Unfortunately, it is very slow. It takes a second to look at a list of 10000 objects. If I am wanting to know the size of my python objects, it is probably because I have a lot of them and I need to monitor large memory usage.

Secondly, at the very least it doesn't handle namedtuples correctly. The following snippet prints out the same size for listA and listB even though listB has twice the number of integers inside it.

#! /usr/bin/env python

from sizeof import asizeof

from collections import namedtuple

ntA = namedtuple("a", "x")
ntB = namedtuple("b", "x, y")

listA = [ntA(i) for i in xrange(10000)]
listB = [ntB(i, i+10000) for i in xrange(10000, 20000)]

print "sizeA =", asizeof(listA), "sizeB =", asizeof(listB)
# Output (python 2.6.4) sizeA = 363840 sizeB = 363840
jrennie 12 years, 3 months ago  # | flag

asizeof's output looks reasonable to me wrt namedtuples. Maybe there has been an update since pwaller's comment? Though, the page says that the current revision 13 is 2 years old vs. 1 year, 10 months for pwaller's comment. Anyway, here's what I see (64-bit platform):

$ python
Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010, 13:57:41) 
[GCC 4.4.3] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from asizeof import asizeof
>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> ntA = namedtuple("a", "x")
>>> ntB = namedtuple("b", "x, y")
>>> listA = [ntA(i) for i in xrange(10000)]
>>> listB = [ntB(i, i+10000) for i in xrange(10000, 20000)]
>>> print "sizeA =", asizeof(listA), "sizeB =", asizeof(listB)
sizeA = 727688 sizeB = 807688
>>> asizeof(ntA(1))
120
>>> asizeof(ntB(1,2))
128
>>>
Jean Brouwers (author) 12 years, 3 months ago  # | flag

There has not been an update to this recipe since the current version available here. The asizeof module has been incorporate into the Pympler project, see http://packages.python.org/Pympler/.

Using 32-bit Python 2.6.4 (on MacOS X, Intel) the results for pwaller's extended example are different:

asizeof ...
listC = 203816  30000 = 16
listA = 363912  listB = 443912
ntA = 64  ntB = 72
 tA = 48   tB = 72

Those figure seem correct upon initial inspection, although like for A, the asizeof namedtuple B should probably be larger than the asizeof tuple B. However, the getsizeof figures are the same for both the A and B namedtuple and tuple:

sys.getsizeof ...
listC = 43816  30000 = 12
listA = 43816  listB = 43816
ntA = 32  ntB = 36
 tA = 32   tB = 36

The code for extended example is the following:

#! /usr/bin/env python

from asizeof import asizeof
from collections import namedtuple

ntA = namedtuple("a", "x")
ntB = namedtuple("b", "x, y")
tA = (30000,)
tB = (20000, 30000)

listA = [ntA(i) for i in xrange(10000)]
listB = [ntB(i, i+10000) for i in xrange(10000, 20000)]
listC = [(i+20000) for i in xrange(10000)]

print "\nasizeof ..."
print "listC =", asizeof(listC), " 30000 =", asizeof(30000)
print "listA =", asizeof(listA), " listB =", asizeof(listB)
print "ntA =", asizeof(ntA(1)), " ntB =", asizeof(ntB(1,2))
print " tA =", asizeof(tA), "  tB =", asizeof(tB)

from sys import getsizeof
print "\nsys.getsizeof ..."
print "listC =", getsizeof(listC), " 30000 =", getsizeof(30000)
print "listA =", getsizeof(listA), " listB =", getsizeof(listB)
print "ntA =", getsizeof(ntA(1)), " ntB =", getsizeof(ntB(1,2))
print " tA =", getsizeof(tA), "  tB =", getsizeof(tB)
Alejandro Rivero 12 years, 3 months ago  # | flag

a check is to compare the expected growing of memory usage, from this recipe, with the real one from resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF).ru_maxrss etc

Jean Brouwers (author) 12 years, 3 months ago  # | flag

Two comments:

  • The resource module is platform-specific. It may work on Linux and other *nix-like O/Ss, but on MacOS X the returned result is 0, always. On Window, importing resource throws an ImportError.

  • The result from asizeof and the resource module are not comparable. The asizeof value only reflects the size of Python objects. The resource figure may include memory used for other purposes, possible unrelated to Python.