NAME

threads::shared - Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads

VERSION

This document describes threads::shared version 1.26

SYNOPSIS

  use threads;
  use threads::shared;

  my $var :shared;
  my %hsh :shared;
  my @ary :shared;

  my ($scalar, @array, %hash);
  share($scalar);
  share(@array);
  share(%hash);

  $var = $scalar_value;
  $var = $shared_ref_value;
  $var = shared_clone($non_shared_ref_value);
  $var = shared_clone({'foo' => [qw/foo bar baz/]});

  $hsh{'foo'} = $scalar_value;
  $hsh{'bar'} = $shared_ref_value;
  $hsh{'baz'} = shared_clone($non_shared_ref_value);
  $hsh{'quz'} = shared_clone([1..3]);

  $ary[0] = $scalar_value;
  $ary[1] = $shared_ref_value;
  $ary[2] = shared_clone($non_shared_ref_value);
  $ary[3] = shared_clone([ {}, [] ]);

  { lock(%hash); ...  }

  cond_wait($scalar);
  cond_timedwait($scalar, time() + 30);
  cond_broadcast(@array);
  cond_signal(%hash);

  my $lockvar :shared;
  # condition var != lock var
  cond_wait($var, $lockvar);
  cond_timedwait($var, time()+30, $lockvar);

DESCRIPTION

By default, variables are private to each thread, and each newly created thread gets a private copy of each existing variable. This module allows you to share variables across different threads (and pseudo-forks on Win32). It is used together with the the threads manpage module.

This module supports the sharing of the following data types only: scalars and scalar refs, arrays and array refs, and hashes and hash refs.

EXPORT

The following functions are exported by this module: share, shared_clone, is_shared, cond_wait, cond_timedwait, cond_signal and cond_broadcast

Note that if this module is imported when the threads manpage has not yet been loaded, then these functions all become no-ops. This makes it possible to write modules that will work in both threaded and non-threaded environments.

FUNCTIONS

share VARIABLE

share takes a variable and marks it as shared:

  my ($scalar, @array, %hash);
  share($scalar);
  share(@array);
  share(%hash);

share will return the shared rvalue, but always as a reference.

Variables can also be marked as shared at compile time by using the :shared attribute:

  my ($var, %hash, @array) :shared;

Shared variables can only store scalars, refs of shared variables, or refs of shared data (discussed in next section):

  my ($var, %hash, @array) :shared;
  my $bork;

  # Storing scalars
  $var = 1;
  $hash{'foo'} = 'bar';
  $array[0] = 1.5;

  # Storing shared refs
  $var = \%hash;
  $hash{'ary'} = \@array;
  $array[1] = \$var;

  # The following are errors:
  #   $var = \$bork;                    # ref of non-shared variable
  #   $hash{'bork'} = [];               # non-shared array ref
  #   push(@array, { 'x' => 1 });       # non-shared hash ref

shared_clone REF

shared_clone takes a reference, and returns a shared version of its argument, preforming a deep copy on any non-shared elements. Any shared elements in the argument are used as is (i.e., they are not cloned).

  my $cpy = shared_clone({'foo' => [qw/foo bar baz/]});

Object status (i.e., the class an object is blessed into) is also cloned.

  my $obj = {'foo' => [qw/foo bar baz/]};
  bless($obj, 'Foo');
  my $cpy = shared_clone($obj);
  print(ref($cpy), "\n");         # Outputs 'Foo'

For cloning empty array or hash refs, the following may also be used:

  $var = &share([]);   # Same as $var = share_clone([]);
  $var = &share({});   # Same as $var = share_clone({});

is_shared VARIABLE

is_shared checks if the specified variable is shared or not. If shared, returns the variable's internal ID (similar to refaddr()). Otherwise, returns undef.

  if (is_shared($var)) {
      print("\$var is shared\n");
  } else {
      print("\$var is not shared\n");
  }

lock VARIABLE

lock places a lock on a variable until the lock goes out of scope. If the variable is locked by another thread, the lock call will block until it's available. Multiple calls to lock by the same thread from within dynamically nested scopes are safe -- the variable will remain locked until the outermost lock on the variable goes out of scope.

Locking a container object, such as a hash or array, doesn't lock the elements of that container. For example, if a thread does a lock(@a), any other thread doing a lock($a[12]) won't block.

lock() follows references exactly one level. lock(\$a) is equivalent to lock($a), while lock(\\$a) is not.

Note that you cannot explicitly unlock a variable; you can only wait for the lock to go out of scope. This is most easily accomplished by locking the variable inside a block.

  my $var :shared;
  {
      lock($var);
      # $var is locked from here to the end of the block
      ...
  }
  # $var is now unlocked

If you need more fine-grained control over shared variable access, see the Thread::Semaphore manpage.

cond_wait VARIABLE

cond_wait CONDVAR, LOCKVAR

The cond_wait function takes a locked variable as a parameter, unlocks the variable, and blocks until another thread does a cond_signal or cond_broadcast for that same locked variable. The variable that cond_wait blocked on is relocked after the cond_wait is satisfied. If there are multiple threads cond_waiting on the same variable, all but one will re-block waiting to reacquire the lock on the variable. (So if you're only using cond_wait for synchronisation, give up the lock as soon as possible). The two actions of unlocking the variable and entering the blocked wait state are atomic, the two actions of exiting from the blocked wait state and re-locking the variable are not.

In its second form, cond_wait takes a shared, unlocked variable followed by a shared, locked variable. The second variable is unlocked and thread execution suspended until another thread signals the first variable.

It is important to note that the variable can be notified even if no thread cond_signal or cond_broadcast on the variable. It is therefore important to check the value of the variable and go back to waiting if the requirement is not fulfilled. For example, to pause until a shared counter drops to zero:

  { lock($counter); cond_wait($count) until $counter == 0; }

cond_timedwait VARIABLE, ABS_TIMEOUT

cond_timedwait CONDVAR, ABS_TIMEOUT, LOCKVAR

In its two-argument form, cond_timedwait takes a locked variable and an absolute timeout as parameters, unlocks the variable, and blocks until the timeout is reached or another thread signals the variable. A false value is returned if the timeout is reached, and a true value otherwise. In either case, the variable is re-locked upon return.

Like cond_wait, this function may take a shared, locked variable as an additional parameter; in this case the first parameter is an unlocked condition variable protected by a distinct lock variable.

Again like cond_wait, waking up and reacquiring the lock are not atomic, and you should always check your desired condition after this function returns. Since the timeout is an absolute value, however, it does not have to be recalculated with each pass:

  lock($var);
  my $abs = time() + 15;
  until ($ok = desired_condition($var)) {
      last if !cond_timedwait($var, $abs);
  }
  # we got it if $ok, otherwise we timed out!

cond_signal VARIABLE

The cond_signal function takes a locked variable as a parameter and unblocks one thread that's cond_waiting on that variable. If more than one thread is blocked in a cond_wait on that variable, only one (and which one is indeterminate) will be unblocked.

If there are no threads blocked in a cond_wait on the variable, the signal is discarded. By always locking before signaling, you can (with care), avoid signaling before another thread has entered cond_wait().

cond_signal will normally generate a warning if you attempt to use it on an unlocked variable. On the rare occasions where doing this may be sensible, you can suppress the warning with:

  { no warnings 'threads'; cond_signal($foo); }

cond_broadcast VARIABLE

The cond_broadcast function works similarly to cond_signal. cond_broadcast, though, will unblock all the threads that are blocked in a cond_wait on the locked variable, rather than only one.

OBJECTS

the threads::shared manpage exports a version of bless() that works on shared objects such that blessings propagate across threads.

  # Create a shared 'Foo' object
  my $foo :shared = shared_clone({});
  bless($foo, 'Foo');

  # Create a shared 'Bar' object
  my $bar :shared = shared_clone({});
  bless($bar, 'Bar');

  # Put 'bar' inside 'foo'
  $foo->{'bar'} = $bar;

  # Rebless the objects via a thread
  threads->create(sub {
      # Rebless the outer object
      bless($foo, 'Yin');

      # Cannot directly rebless the inner object
      #bless($foo->{'bar'}, 'Yang');

      # Retrieve and rebless the inner object
      my $obj = $foo->{'bar'};
      bless($obj, 'Yang');
      $foo->{'bar'} = $obj;

  })->join();

  print(ref($foo),          "\n");    # Prints 'Yin'
  print(ref($foo->{'bar'}), "\n");    # Prints 'Yang'
  print(ref($bar),          "\n");    # Also prints 'Yang'

NOTES

the threads::shared manpage is designed to disable itself silently if threads are not available. This allows you to write modules and packages that can be used in both threaded and non-threaded applications.

If you want access to threads, you must use threads before you use threads::shared. the threads manpage will emit a warning if you use it after the threads::shared manpage.

BUGS AND LIMITATIONS

When share is used on arrays, hashes, array refs or hash refs, any data they contain will be lost.

  my @arr = qw(foo bar baz);
  share(@arr);
  # @arr is now empty (i.e., == ());

  # Create a 'foo' object
  my $foo = { 'data' => 99 };
  bless($foo, 'foo');

  # Share the object
  share($foo);        # Contents are now wiped out
  print("ERROR: \$foo is empty\n")
      if (! exists($foo->{'data'}));

Therefore, populate such variables after declaring them as shared. (Scalar and scalar refs are not affected by this problem.)

It is often not wise to share an object unless the class itself has been written to support sharing. For example, an object's destructor may get called multiple times, once for each thread's scope exit. Another danger is that the contents of hash-based objects will be lost due to the above mentioned limitation. See examples/class.pl (in the CPAN distribution of this module) for how to create a class that supports object sharing.

Does not support splice on arrays!

Taking references to the elements of shared arrays and hashes does not autovivify the elements, and neither does slicing a shared array/hash over non-existent indices/keys autovivify the elements.

share() allows you to share($hashref->{key}) without giving any error message. But the $hashref->{key} is not shared, causing the error "locking can only be used on shared values" to occur when you attempt to lock($hasref->{key}).

Using refaddr()) is unreliable for testing whether or not two shared references are equivalent (e.g., when testing for circular references). Use is_shared()/"is_shared VARIABLE", instead:

    use threads;
    use threads::shared;
    use Scalar::Util qw(refaddr);

    # If ref is shared, use threads::shared's internal ID.
    # Otherwise, use refaddr().
    my $addr1 = is_shared($ref1) || refaddr($ref1);
    my $addr2 = is_shared($ref2) || refaddr($ref2);

    if ($addr1 == $addr2) {
        # The refs are equivalent
    }

View existing bug reports at, and submit any new bugs, problems, patches, etc. to: http://rt.cpan.org/Public/Dist/Display.html

SEE ALSO

the threads::shared manpage Discussion Forum on CPAN: http://www.cpanforum.com/dist/threads-shared

Annotated POD for the threads::shared manpage: http://annocpan.org/~JDHEDDEN/threads-shared-1.26/shared.pm

Source repository: http://code.google.com/p/threads-shared/

the threads manpage, the perlthrtut manpage

http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/06/11/threads.html and http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/09/04/threads.html

Perl threads mailing list: http://lists.cpan.org/showlist.cgi

AUTHOR

Artur Bergman <sky AT crucially DOT net>

Documentation borrowed from the old Thread.pm.

CPAN version produced by Jerry D. Hedden <jdhedden AT cpan DOT org>.

LICENSE

threads::shared is released under the same license as Perl.